Museum of man- primates Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Museum of man- primates - Assignment Example It had the biggest and the flattest teeth with the thickest enamel. The front teeth of Paranthropus were relatively smaller. On the other hand, the cranium of a Chimpanzee is not as high as the one for Paranthropus. Its enamel was less thick than for the Paranthropus species. While, the size of the front teeth of chimpanzee was bigger than the ones for Paranthropus, the sizes of the jaws and the molar back teeth were relatively equal in size. The Neanderthal and the sapiens skeleton differ in specific ways. They differ in height, stature, shape of the chest and the pelvis. The Neanderthal skeleton is shorter that the sapiens skeleton which is relatively taller. Secondly, the skeleton of the Neanderthal has a stocky stature that was not as upright as for the modern man. The sapiens had an upright posture. Additionally, the Neanderthal had a funnel-shaped and flaring chest. On the other hand, the chest of sapiens was fairly uniform and was not so wide in breath. The pelvis of the Neanderthal was also flaring, a characteristic that lacked in the sapiens’ pelvis. It can be learned from the Neanderthal’s burial that they believed in life after death, and they also valued the dead. The presence of grave goods such as the bones, bison, aurochs, pigment ochre and tools justifies this fact. The Neanderthal man was the predecessor of the sapiens. They had emotions. Therefore, they practiced love. They also lived in nuclear families. It means that they valued togetherness and the well-being of their people. They used traditional medication whenever one of them was sick as evidenced by the six flower pollens obtained from Shanidar IV. The images found in the caves were for stick human beings, wild animals that the early man haunted, outlines of the hands. Man believed that the paintings of the large wild animals such as deer and aurochs would give them good luck during hunting. Paintings of stick human beings pointing

International Business strategy - NOKIA on global market Essay

International Business strategy - NOKIA on global market - Essay Example Every company is gearing up to develop new applications in their Smartphone offering which ultimately decreases scope of creating differentiation for customers. Mobile industry review has pointed out companies need to customize their offering with Android OS in order to fulfil demand of customers. High buyer power has forced companies to adopt technological innovation in Smartphone in order to achieve product differentiation. Threat of Substitutes Fixed line telephones can be classified as direct substitute for mobile phones. For example, fixed line phones play important role in big organizations in comparison to mobile phones. It can be inferred that threat of substitutes becoming lower due to mobile phone’s multi application and wider geographic coverage. Mobile manufacturing companies need to adopt more technological innovations in their offering in order to increase acceptance in big organizations and decrease threat from substitutes further. ... Some companies are using Android operating system for their Smartphone’s while others are focusing on windows phone. Fixed costs associated with smart phone market are high due to requirement of investing in latest technologies. Hence it can be concluded that market rivalry is high. Global Smartphone market condition can be explained in the following manner. (Source: Deloitte, 2012) The diagram is showing that Global mobile phone market is dominated by Android OS while Apple iPhone OS is the second largest contributor. Companies are banking on Android OS to develop new products. Mobile manufactures try to establish equilibrium between Smartphone and features. The market segregation can be explained in the following manner: (Source: Deloitte, 2012) In future Companies will face specific threat from counterfeit products. Mobile manufacturers complemented by low resorce capabilities tend to imititate features and design of Smartphone manufacturered by reputed companies such as No kia, Samsung and Apple. Impact of such threat will increase in future. For example, small companies in copycats has counterfeited Nokia X6 product and launched in the market. Picture of counterfeited Nokia X6 can be used to analyze extent of counterfeiting in telecommunication industry. (Source: Delaney, 2012) Companies need to take strict legal action against counterfeits in order to maintain not only market share but brand image among customers. PEST Analysis- Nokia Political Factors Companies needs to follow respective government rule of different countries in order achieve sustainable business growth and demographic advantage (Zikmund and Babin, 2006, pp. 12-15). Global economy is complemented by

Chronemics and Proxemics

Chronemics and Proxemics We are living in an era where communication is crucial. We are communicating in order to achieve something, to express our feelings or to sort out some problems; we communicate to get someone to do something, to behave in a certain way. We can do all these things saying nothing at all. Our body does all the talking. At this conclusion got Albert Mehrabian whose research material showed that the verbal messages without tone or inflection of the voice have only 7 % impact. The remaining 93% consists of tone of voice and other sounds occurring during the speech act and non-verbal cues, 38% and 55% respectively. Non-verbal communication falls into seven categories: Paralanguage, Proxemics, Haptics, Chronemics, Artifacts, Kinesics, Environment, Paralanguage is the science of vocal qualities that usually accompany speech. It includes the rhythm, pitch and the tempo of our voice, also our crying, snoring or laughing. Through paralanguage we can say what it is the emotional state f a person if he is sad, happy nervous or even if he is sincere. Some cultures rely on paralanguage especially on the tone of voice, to tell the meaning of the words. These languages are Thai, Vietnamese or Chinese. Proxemics refers to how near people are to something or to other people. E. T. Hall coined the term of proxemics from the Latin root prox- and the suffix -emic as in proximity and systemic. He defined it as the science that studies how people usually organize their space, their houses and the places where they work. Proxemics has three fundamental areas: space, distance and territory. According to proxemics spatial extension, Hall proposed a classification of this behavior. His theory states that the proxemic behavior covers up three dimensions: micro-, meso-, and macrospace. Microspace deals with the immediate surroundings (Proxemics:The Semiotics of Space p411) of a person, this space is considered more private, mesospace is the further proximate environment within the persons reach (Proxemics:The Semiotics of Space p411) and macrospace is the space that extends over vast territories ending by covering up cities. In what concerns the distance area of the interaction, Hall identifies four levels of distances: Intimate distance is up to 45 cm from the body, the individual does not allow everyone in this space, since it requires extensive contact. The personal distance is the invisible barrier that someone builds in order to separate him from the other people. It extends from 45 to 120 cm. The social distance ranges from 120 to 360 cm; this type of distance we often meet in classrooms and in different kinds of meetings. From 360 cm further we talk about the public distance, where the person it is outside his circle of activities, events, interests. This is the perfect distance desired by strangers. Haptics, or the tactile communication, sometimes is used to replace the speech act even if it is considered the most primitive way of communication. Edward Hall showed in his studies that there are cultures that tend to encourage touching and some cultures that do not. Contact cultures are many Central American cultures as well as many south European countries. In Thailand, Sri Lanka touching the head is restricted because the head is considered to be sacred. The nature of haptics is influenced not only by the culture but also by the relationship between the interacting people, by their age, by the situation, and the duration of the touching act, as well as by its location, if it is done in private or publicly; it is also influenced by the relative pressure of the touch and by its intentional or accidental nature. Chronemics refers to the non-verbal channel of time, especially how people perceive the notion and the value of time. It is a powerful tool to know how to organize your time and how to react in time. People agendas, their lifestyle, their patience to wait and listen are affected by the correct use of time. Time is perceived differently in every corner of the world. For people in the United States, time is something concrete, perceptible. To them it can be bought, saved, wasted and measured; they plan what they want to do and to happen. For Arabs instead, an individual who wants to know his future is seen as irreligious or insane, because in their culture only God can say what will or will not take place. Artifacts, though as irrelevant as it seems at first, are important factors of our non-verbal behavior. Our belongings show who we really are, they help us to reveal our true identity and separate us from the group. Sometimes you can recognize a persons culture by what he or she wears. You will presume clearly that a man dressed in a kimono is from Japan and a woman who wears a veil belongs to a Muslim country. The environment like all the artifacts contains information too. People only have to decode this information. The things we surround ourselves with, provide non-verbal cues which tells lots of things about us. The way, in which we decorate our house, factors such as furniture, colors, temperature, noise, and even music may have a direct effect on people. Many supermarkets strategically use the environmental factors to place products. Childrens products are placed on lower shelves so they could be easy to see and all the products that can be bought impulsively are placed near exit areas where they are more easily to grab. Kinesics is the category of non-verbal communication that includes facial expressions, eye gaze, gestures and posture. Any part of the body that can be moved also can be used to send non-verbal messages. The basic channels of kinesics are the face, hands and arms. Unlike other body parts these ones, are highly expressive. 1.2. Body Language as a Science (Kinesics) We act and react to one another through more ways than we can imagine; these ways does not always involve words. Most of the messages we send to other people are nonverbal; they include our facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, and posture. Throughout years, many scholars and anthropologists like Ray Birdwhistell were concerned with the study of this type of communication that is called kinesics, with its evolution, development and its distinctions among the cultures. A useful scheme of non-verbal behavior was suggested in 1969 by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen. They proposed five categories of non-verbal movement which are: emblems, regulators, illustrators, affect displays, and adaptors. Emblems are direct communication signals that indicate certain words; they are used especially when verbal communication is problematic. These signs made by our hands, shoulders, or facial movements may also replace a word and can stand for a reply without any verbal messages. Regulators unlike the three movements mentioned above, interact with the actions and the movements of another person. These movements form stimulants for other individual to speak quickly or to slow down while talking. We can use these regulators in a positive manner, to encourage someone to speak, or in a negative way by making him loose his interest in talking. Illustrations accompany verbal messages; they are made by our hands, head or even feet. Usually they back up the verbal message, helping us to get through a difficult idea. The term affect display stands for emotional expressions, those movements of the face or of the body that have a hide emotional content like anger, happiness, disappointment, rage. The signals are involuntary and may happen whenever something provokes an emotion even if these things are environmental factors like beautiful landscapes, thunders or sunrises. Manipulators initially were called adaptors; they represent daily behaviors that are used to make a person feel comfortable in a social interaction. These are actions that include our hands pressing something, fingers scratching the palm or playing with a pencil or a piece of clothing. The phenomenon of Kinesics has known an outstanding increase in the last decade, the ability to understand and to use nonverbal cues, body signals being a powerful tool that can help us connect with others, navigate in challenging situations, express what we really mean and thus building better relationships. 1.3. The Functions of Non-Verbal Communication The overall functions of body language as well as of the non-verbal communication are: Accenting When we interact, we pay attention to the meaning of the message. For example, when someone is angry and he verbally expresses this anger, he will accent this feeling further more by shaking his fist while talking. Moderating Moderating is the opposite part of accenting; it seeks to reduce attention on the message; you attenuate a part of the message you send, in different ways and you transform it by making it difficult to understand. Moderating happens when you talk faster than usual. Complementing Complementing is considered similar to accenting, but covers a wider part of the message. It goes hand in hand with verbal messages; when we are talking about sad things we lower our head and we use a sad tone in order to accent those sad things we are talking about. Substituting Sometimes non-verbal language is simply the best way in which you can communicate. Whenever there are things that are better left unsaid, we use the substituting function. We replace the words with non-verbal language. People are used to these non-verbal signals; they learn to identify gestures, facial expressions as corresponding with certain feelings and intentions. Contradicting Contradicting means sending non-verbal messages that disagree with what is being said. These non-verbal cues are done either intentionally, to confuse a person by changing the message or it may happen at the subconscious level when somebody tells a lie. Regulating Regulating consists of those non-verbal signals, regulators, which we use to send signals to another person. Usually these are signals related to the speech of the other individual. It is used around starting and ending speech you send some signals that will make him either speak faster or stop talking. Repeating Repeating with non-verbal cues happens like in complementing or accenting, but with a certain interval between the verbal and non-verbal communication. After you say something and there was no reaction, a gesture or a facial expression will reinforce the verbal message you sent earlier. Deceiving Non-verbal signals can be used to lie. It is not easy to send this kind of messages; you must be in perfect control of your all facial muscles in order to deceive someone. Saying you did not do it, while sounding insulted at the accusation, or rubbing your nose are only some of the signs that show the fact that you are lying.

Discomfort, Irritation, and Confusion of The Bath Essay -- Wife of Bat

Discomfort, Irritation, and Confusion of The Bath People are living robots. They follow the norm. They go with the latest trend. They walk the latest walk and talk the latest talk. Even the "brilliant ideas" that sprout from people's minds are a combination of other people's thoughts and ideas; friends, family and the media are the greatest influences. When a situation that is out of the norm confronts people, they are suddenly caught off guard, and instead of dealing with the situation, they shy away from it in attempt to return to their protective glass case; the norm. Raymond Carver forces his readers to face discomfort, irritation, and confusion through reading "The Bath". His language is dry, and the story is short. The characters do not have names, the language does not flow well, and the ending leaves the reader hanging. The message of the story is vague, and the plot lacks depth; however, the details that this story reveals through the concise language surpasses any detail that "A Small, Good Thing" reveals through its abund ance of words. To begin with, "The Bath" lacks much usage of adverbs. Adverbs typically help describe an action so that the reader better understands either the character or the situation. Clearly, the point of not including adverbs in this short story is to force the reader to focus on what happens instead of how something happens. A short story is "something glimpsed from the corner of the eye, in passing" (Carver 558). A reader should not feel connected with the characters in the story because that is not the author's main concern. An author simply attempts to convey a message through some words in a page that is arranged in ... ... intentions for "A Small, Good Thing" differ from his intentions for "The Bath". Throughout "The Bath" the reader struggles with many uncomfortable feelings, and although the reader may not immediately realize that he/she can relate to the story more than he/she knows, a relationship is present. "The Bath" does a good job of putting the reader in the characters' shoes. "A Small, Good Thing," on the other hand, provides a comforting feeling of knowing everything that happens, and knowing that everything works out at the end. Since there is a beginning and an ending to the story, the reader can conclude a meaningful message from the story and relate or apply it to his/her life. Overall, "The Bath" sets the mood of the story better than "A Small, Good Thing" because of its concise language and its focus on "the glimpse" instead of the "big picture".

Gourmet Foods Essay

Introduction: Gourmet bakers and sweets is the top food retail chain of Lahore. Lahore is the second largest city of Pakistan fabled for its customer aliment and amorousness for eating. Gourmet is the number one brand in the market of bakers and sweets due to its quality and valuable services. Before 1984, Mr. Nawaz Chattha was the employee of the Shezan bakers at the post of manager. While he was doing his job, he decided to start his own business separately because he was proficient dealer, a technical supporter and maintained check and balance in every branch. Mr. Nawaz Chattha started his business from one out let in Muslim Town with bakers in 1987. After seeing the profitable result he decided to introduce new product like sweets, milk, and ice-cream and gourmet cola. In continuous success of gourmet in providing quality service and products for the health and happiness of all family, Gourmet also started a family restaurant. Since the emergence of Gourmet bakers, it has shown explosive annual growth of more than 25% in its business. It has 1700 employees working in its all departments. It has around 95 branches and will enhance its coverage to One hundred branches making it The Largest Bakers and Confectionaries of the city as well as the country. Company Name- Gourmet Bakers & Sweets (PVT) limited. Gourmet is a private limited liability company and the information regarding its share is as follows: Registered office address: 9/D Faisal Town Lahore. Authorized Capital: 20,000,000. Paid up Capital: 50,000. CEO name: Ch. Muhammad Nawaz Chattha. CEO Address: 9/D Faisal Town Lahore. Incorporation Date: January 9, 1996. Authorized Capital Share: 200,000. Paid up Share Capital: 500 Authorized PER Value: 100 Paid up PER Value: 100 Vision: â€Å"We are a bakery company with one goal in mind to meet the needs of our customers we focus on our customers as our clients.† Mission Statement: â€Å"To provide delicious, wholesome baked foods without sacrificing health and well-being.† Company Objectives: Objectives are the guidelines which direct toward the chosen destiny. The objectives of the Gourmet are marketing objectives which are as under: 1. To build profitable customer relationship by delivering superior value. 2. To provide such products those can increase targeted markets. 3. To become a leader in the bakery and confectionary industry. 4. To provide the quality products to the target market. GOURMET Logo: Organization Structure of Gourmet: Business Portfolio of Gourmet: Portfolio Analysis (B.C.G. Matrix): Star: Gourmet bread and other bakery Pro ducts come under star as they have a high relative market share and high growth rate. They are in maturity stage of its product life cycle. Cash Cow: Gourmet Cola, Gourmet Water and Dairy Products are Cash cow products for Gourmet as they have a low market Growth rate and a high relative market share. Question Mark: Gourmet new products like Dry Milk and the same for Tea as well come under Question mark. Or any other new product that Gourmet offers or is planning to offer will come in question mark category. Dogs: Gourmet Roll and Samosa Patti have a low market Growth rate and a low relative market share therefore, these products come under Dogs and therefore Gourmet has discontinued the production of these products. Marketing Planning: Gourmet follows the company strategies which are inline with the company’s goals and recommendations. It position it self as a leader in bakery products in Lahore. Before making any plan it considers its impact on its current customers, environment and competitors’ response. It also considers current threats with in the market like loosing market sale, brand image etc before making any plans. Gourmet focuses on all the available opportunities in market related to its business like launch on gourmet cola, milk ice-cream. Once it decides its main objectives and issues then it steps forwards to the action plan which consists of detailed schedule of the entire task and their budgets. Once Gourmet finalizes its plan it implements its plan and keeps on checking its performance to control its out come. Marketing implementation: After having a detailed discussion and planning gourmet comes towards the implementation phase of their marketing strategies. In implementation the company’s formal organizational structure plays and important role. Managers not only focus on short term profits but they also consider long run market building objectives. On the other hand company also considers its culture in implementing a plan. Marketing Control: Gourmet focuses on two types of marketing controls operational and Strategic. In operational controls it checks that all the operations are in line with the current marketing strategies. Where as strategic controls focuses on long run and check the long run performance of the company. It also have an internal audit department which keeps a strict checks not only on its financial performance but also on its procedures and controls which effect in every day performance. The Marketing Environment: The Company’s Macro Environment: P.E.S.T. Analysis Political – meeting all the policies and working under the political stabilities Economical – focusing the income levels of targeted customers Social – the social class we have targeted are: Technological– accepting and using the innovations in technology for production Demography – gourmet deals with a variety of demography. It caters all kind of age groups starting from children to adults. Culture – Gourmet keeps it self in line with the local culture of Lahore. It provides different products according to local festivals events and Religious days. Lower medium Middle medium Upper medium Lower upper Upper upper The Company’s Micro Environment: Market Intermediaries Gourmet does not have any major market intermediaries as it produces and sale it products it self. It does contact market intermediaries for supply of raw materials, and products like Coca cola, Jams, Ketchup, and Juices etc. Competitors If you look at Gourmet Foods, it is a clear market leader but still Gourmet has competitors. Nirala and Shezan bakers are the competitors of Gourmet as these are the only few stores who are catering the same market as gourmet is going. They also have well established brand name and image. They are fully equipped with latest technology and manufacturing plants, but these competitors are only targeting small segments of the market. They are not upgrading themselves that is why in the race of capturing market they are staying behind the market leader â€Å"Gourmet†. Suppliers Local dairy Farms. Whole sellers. Market intermediaries. Customers Customers of Gourmet are End user of the product mostly. They buy to consume the final products and services. Customer Relationship Management The Product/Market Expansion Grid: Marketing Objectives: Goals and targets have to be monitored and met, competitor strategies analyzed, anticipated and exceeded. Through effective use of market and marketing research an organization should be able to identify the needs and wants of the customer and try to delivers benefits that will enhance or add to the customers’ lifestyle. Marketing Strategies: Gourmet bakers adopted customer’s oriented marketing strategies to attract customers as much as it can. Gourmet bakers follow differentiation strategy such as strategy emphasizes the product that is unique in the industry provides distinct advantages to the bakers. One of the prominent marketing strategy of gourmet bakers is focusing on special classes of customers like gourmet bakers is focusing on upper class, middle class as well as the lower class. Marketing Channels and Supply Chain Management: The gourmet sell there goods directly to the final user. Gourmet channel decisions directly effect other marketing decisions. Due to using on marketing channels it reduces the cost. Gourmet sales force and communication decisions depend upon how much persuasion, training, motivation and support its channel partner needs. Monopolistic Competition: Gourmet faces Monopolistic Competition in the market. There are many buyers and sellers who trade over a range of prices rather than single market price. Every Seller tries to differentiate its product to gain competitive advantage and to justify its price difference. Budgeting: Budgeting plays an important role in any plan. If a plan is not financially feasible there is no benefit to be gained from all other procedures. In Budgeting process Gourmet spends 40% of its target budget on the refurbishing of the bakery. 55% of the budget is allocated in the manufacturing of its products. 5 % of the budget is allocated to promotional activities. Gourmet focuses on an affordable budgeting method. Control: Controls are very crucial for the success of any project. Gourmet implements high quality controls through its total quality management department. Gourmet uses team based approach for new projects by using these approach tighter controls will be implemented and performance can be monitored on every step. Critical Issues: Political instability and economic conditions of the country are immensely affecting the business sector in the country. Threat of Bomb attacks in any crowded place due to Terrorism also imposes an effect which leads to decreasing sales of the business as people now think before coming out of their homes. Furthermore, terrorist activities are weakening the Pakistan economy day by day. Such kind of issues may impose a bad effect on the Gourmet business in the future Recommendations: Gourmet must use new technology like Information system to centralize its Database as its service and data requirement will greatly enhance it will need processes like Data ware housing and data mining. It can also improve its security measures by implementing security cameras Up to date scanners radio frequency bar code readers (RFID’s) will improve its departmental services efficiently and effectively. Gourmet should also work for enhancing the parking area. Gourmet should also do work for innovation in products and for the atmosphere of its stores. Gourmet Bakers have their branches only in Lahore which is the drawback of their marketing strategies. The company should also open its outlets in other major cities and spend capital on advertising the company in those cities. The company is not planning for the loyalty of its customers. They should give discounts to its regular customers in this way the customer sincerity with the company will grow. Gourmet has not advertised themselves through media; they should have adopted some other sources of advertisement such as banners, newspapers, TV channels to cater the market. Recently it has started its promotion on â€Å"City 42†.

Human motivation Essay

SCENARIO: The scenario developed for the purpose of this paper is that a person has gone through the bitter experience of losing a loved one. In this case, the other person moved away and long distance relationship was not possible due to inevitable circumstances. Now the person who has been left behind has to recover from the sorrow of their loved one moving away, conclusion of a relationship that was a couple of years old, as well as move on with his/her own life. He/she has support from family and friends; however, they prefer to be on their own for now to recover from the close attachment that was developed over the course of two years. Moving away of a loved one has left a gap in the life of the subject. For a while, they were low on self esteem considering the move as his/her own fault. To recover from this depressive state they need to motivated and lured back to life and routine. COMPONENTS OF MOTIVATION: In the given scenario the biological component would be an individual’s need to mate with a partner. While momentarily, the subject is associating this need with their loved one, however, once they are able to move then situation shall be different. The learned component is that the subject now realizes that they have been loved and experienced that emotion. In future, while establishing bonds and relationships, duplicating that emotion can be one important motivational factor or component. Finally, the cognitive component in this case is that subject is to realize that moving on is must. They have given their best to the relationship and that is all they could do. Their self-esteem suffered and getting it back is important motivational component. APPLICATION OF THEORIES: Now, viewing the scenario in light of the motivational theories and possible ways to motivate the subject to move on and get back to life. 1. Instinct theories: Instinct theory in this case points out to the elementary aspect of human relationships. That is, a person’s need to find a mate. The subject is going through a low period. However, this is expected to end as soon as they realize that they need to fill the void in their life with someone special and are willing to give anyone else a chance. This instinctive need to mate is a great motivator in itself (AllPsych, 2003). 2. Personality theories: Personality theories of motivation describe each personality and person on different dimensions. While their focus is on finding similar traits in personalities of different people, categorizing an individual makes it simpler for psychologist to approach the subjects (Boeree, 2007). In this case, the subject can be analyzed on their personality traits such as if they are optimist or pessimist, free will or determinist, has had early or late personality development etc. Once that is determined, it will be easier to understand that what motivates the individual, what amount of effort does their personality require to overcome a trauma and so on. 3. Drive/learning theories: Drive theory is also somewhat similar to the instinct theories. These theories propose that each person is driven towards a certain kind of behavior due to internal biological demand. Their actions are to reduce that drive. In this case it is applicable such that a healthy individual has to fulfill their sexual needs. Reduction of this drive is again a motivator or an incentive for the person to move on with their life (AllPsych, 2003). 4. Growth and mastery motivation theories: The growth and goal mastery theories of motivation suggest that after a person has had an unpleasant experience, they learn from that and make a conscious effort as to not to repeat the behavior in future (East Lothian Council, n.d). In this case it would be that perhaps the subject might be hesitant to commit or fully give himself to a relationship unless they have over came insecurity. It motivates them to carefully choose who they want to be with 5. Humanistic theories: Most applied Humanistic theory; Maslow’s Need Hierarchy is a good example of application of humanistic approach. The subject in this scenario will be at the level of ‘Love and Belonging Needs’. Unless needs of that level are not fulfilled, he wont be able to reach a higher level of self esteem. The subject needs help and support of family and friends or perhaps even a therapist to realize that they need to move on and let themselves go in order to move further over pyramid. Not dwelling on past is the key here (AllPsych, 2003). 6. Cognitive theories: Cognitive theories purpose that an individual’s behavior is dependant on not just their personality and needs but also on dynamic environment that they live in, the external factors acting upon them and so on (Psychological Solutions, n. d). If the subject is able to evaluate and understand the present situation from this view point, they shall come to realize that there is little role for them to play and the dynamics of the environment were unfavorable. However, if they are seeking professional help then a therapist should be able to point out that this might not be true for each experience in their life and motivate them to move on. BIBLIOGRAPHY AllPsych. (2003). Motivation In Psychology. Retrieved June 1, 2007 from: http://allpsych. com/psychology101/motivation. html East Lothian Council.(n. d). Goal Theory Of Motivation. Retrieved June 1, 2007 from: http://www. exc-el. org. uk/content/index. php/main/teaching_and_learning/everything_you_wanted_to_know_about_teaching_and_learning_but_were_afraid_to_ask/motivation/motivational_theories/goal_orientation_theory Boeree, G. (2006). Personality Theories. Retrieved June 1, 2007 from: http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/persintro. html Psychological Solution. (n. d). Cognitive Theories of Motivation. Retrieved June 1, 2007 from: http://www. psychsol. com/html/word_docs/Motiv%202%20-%20ohp. doc.